![]() ![]() Nobody walks into an operating room, straight out of a surgical rotation, and does world-class neurosurgery. ![]() This is the scholarly tradition I was referring to in my book “Outliers,” when I wrote about the “ten-thousand-hour rule.” No one succeeds at a high level without innate talent, I wrote: “achievement is talent plus preparation.” But the ten-thousand-hour research reminds us that "the closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play." In cognitively demanding fields, there are no naturals. (The sole exceptions: Shostakovich and Paganini, who took nine years, and Erik Satie, who took eight.) After Simon and Chase’s paper, for example, the psychologist John Hayes looked at seventy-six famous classical composers and found that, in almost every case, those composers did not create their greatest work until they had been composing for at least ten years. ![]() In the years that followed, an entire field within psychology grew up devoted to elaborating on Simon and Chase’s observation-and researchers, time and again, reached the same conclusion: it takes a lot of practice to be good at complex tasks. ![]()
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